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“And”, -아/어서, -(으)니까, -(으)면

In this lesson we’re going to learn several ways to say “and”, one way to say “because” and a way to say “if”/”when” in Korean.

그리고/-고

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그리고 is used to connect 2 sentences

English equivalent: and then, and so, also

-고 is the same as 그리고 but it’s used to connect 2 verbs

English equivalent: and

Conjugation

Add 그리고 to the beginning of a sentence

Add -고 after a verb

Examples

1. 저는 식당에 갈 거예요. 그리고 예쁜 옷을 살 거예요.

I am going to go to a restaurant. I am also going to buy clothes.

2. 선생님은 수업을 가르쳤어요. 그리고 점심시간 때 갔어요.

The teacher taught a lesson. And then they left at lunchtime.

3. 저는 식당에서 먹고 백화점에서 옷을 살 거예요.

I am going to eat at a restaurant and buy clothes at a shopping mall.


To add emphasize that the previous action has been finished before doing the next one, you use -고 나서, conjugated in the same way as -고.

1. 아침에는 샤워를 하고 나서 밥을 먹어요

In the morning I shower and then I eat.

2. 수업을 듣고 나서 숙제를 했어요

I did my homework after listening to the lecture.


와/과

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Used to connect nouns together

English equivalent: and, with (depends on context)

*most common in formal situations

Conjugation

No 받침: 와

Yes 받침: 과

Examples

1. 나는 개와 고양이를 키워.

I have a dog and a cat.

2. 내일 극장과 수영장에 갈 거예요.

We will go to the movie theater and the swimming pool tomorrow.

3. 저와 함께 도서관에 가실래요?

Would you like to go to the library with me?


하고

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Used to connect nouns together

English equivalent: and, with (depends on context)

Conjugation

Attach -하고 after a noun

Examples

1. 저는 토끼하고 새를 키워요.

I have a rabbit and a bird.

2. 오늘 시장하고 박물관에 갔어.

We went to the market and the museum today.

3. 사라하고 밥 먹습니다.

I eat with Sarah.


-랑/-이랑

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Used to connect nouns together

English equivalent: and, with (depends on context)

*most common in informal situations

Conjugation

No 받침: 랑

Yes 받침: 이랑

Examples

1. 친구는 햄스터랑 강아지를 키워요.

My friend has a hamster and a dog.

2. 어제 밥이랑 고기를 먹었습니다.

We ate rice and meat yesterday.

3. 츠키랑 여행할 생각이야.

I’m thinking about traveling with Tsuki.


-아/어서

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Used to say “Because A, B”

Used to show series of events (After A, B)

*the two events MUST be related!

If they are not, use -고 나서

Conjugation

1. Take the infinitive form of the verb

2. Drop -다

3. Ends in ᅡ, ᅩ : attach 아서

Ends in any other vowel: attach 어서

*Do not use it in past tense as -았어서, 었어서 or 했어서. It is always used in present tense, and the last verb of the sentence determines the tense.

DON’T SAY: 하루 종일 일했어서 힘들었어요 X - I was tired because I worked all day

SAY:하루 종일 일해서 힘들었어요 O - I was tired because I worked all day

Irregulars

이다 (마시다, 살피다, etc)

1. Change ᅵ to ᅧ

마시다 > 마셔다 > 마셔 > 마셔서

살피다 > 살펴다 > 살펴 > 살펴서

우다/오다 (지우다, 오다, etc)

1. Change ᅮ/ᅩ to ᅯ/ᅪ

지우다 > 지워다 > 지워 > 지워서

오다 > 와다 > 와 > 와서

어/여다, 아/야다 (켜다, 사다, etc)

1. Don’t add 어/어 before the 서

켜다 > 켜 > 켜서 (켜어서 X)

사다 > 사 > 사서 (사아서 X)

Examples

1. 윤선이는 많이 걸어서 힘들대요.

Because Yoonsun walked a lot, she said that she’s tired.

2. 온유가 밥그릇을 떨어뜨려서 밥그릇이 깨졌어요.

Because Onew dropped the bowl, the bowl broke.

3. 병원에 가서 치료를 받았어요.

I went to the hospital and (then) got treatment.


-(으)니까

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Also means “Because”.

Cannot be used to show a series of events.

It only shows reason and outcome.

Conjugation

- Stem ends in a consonant: add -으니까

- Stem ends in a vowel: add -니까


-아/어서 vs -(으)니까

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When talking to older people, using -아/어서 would be better as it has a softer feeling to it. Using -(으)니까 can feel a bit rude when using it to someone you should respect. When making a suggestion or when you order someone to do something you have to use -(으)니까 and NOT -아/어서.

O 비가 오니까 택시 타자. - It is raining, so let’s take a taxi.

X 비가 와서 택시 타자. WRONG

When expressing feelings (to be glad, tired, thankfulness) you have to use -아/어서 and

NOT -(으)니까.

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